Europe in the Long Twentieth Century: A Transnational History

Thanks to their economic and military strength, the European empires had achieved global supremacy by 1900, with large parts of the world under their dominance in the wake of colonial expansion. This situation fuelled ideas of Europe’s permanent, almost natural global superiority, especially among the middle classes. However, as early as the First World War, such claims came under increasing pressure. This volume explains the role played by modern nationalism and anti-imperial movements, the competition between different political orders, changes in the economy and society, and the great ideas and utopias. Their interplay gave rise to enormously destructive forces in Europe. From the Boer and Balkan wars before 1914 to the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s and the Ukraine war since 2022, they have produced a continuum of violence. At the same time, the great promise of political participation and social security is one of the constants of Europe’s history in the long twentieth century. Against this backdrop, modern societies emerged whose values had moved far away from the older models. Perceptions of the role of the sexes, families, and generations changed fundamentally. In addition, the major internal European migrations, together with the global immigration that became increasingly significant after 1945, ensured that the ethnic profile of European societies changed considerably.

Europe in the Long Twentieth Century shows how, on the one hand, these different factors led to a Europeanisation of living and working conditions and, at the same time, how the political and economic integration of the countries of Europe progressed. On the other hand, it demonstrates how Europe’s role in the global context changed fundamentally. As much as the geopolitical provincialisation of Europe continued unabated, Europeans were constantly searching for new ways to assert themselves throughout the long twentieth century. The search continues.

Christoph Cornelissen, Professor of Contemporary History, Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main

Christoph Cornelissen is Professor of Contemporary European History at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Previously he was Professor for Contemporary History at the University of Kiel (2003-2011) and the University of Düsseldorf (2011), Visiting Professor at Charles University Prague (1999-2003), at the University of Bologna (2008), and at the London School of Economics and Political Science (2010-2011). Cornelissen’s recent publications include Europa im 20. Jahrhundert (2020), Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present, (edited with Arnd Weinrich, 2021), and Frankfurt und der Nationalsozialismus (edited with Sybillle Steinbacher, 2024).