Creativity, resourcefulness and a strong vision of equality in America helped Black men and women to establish their own organizations despite the continuing legacy and stigma of the slavery period. Frontiers International, the oldest Black community service organization in the U.S., was born in the heart of the Depression and called together Black men concerned about the condition of Blacks in America. Advancement Through Service: A History of The Frontiers International, by Frederick Johnson and Leonard Bethel, constitutes the first history of this public service effort on the part of Blacks in the U.S.