William G. Gale is a vice president and director of the Brookings Institution’s Economic Studies program, where he holds the Arjay and Frances Fearing Miller Chair in Federal Economic Policy. He is also founding codirector of the Tax Policy Center, a joint venture of the Brookings Institution and the Urban Institute. James R. Hines Jr. is professor of business economics and research director, Office of Tax Policy Research, University of Michigan. Joel Slemrod is Paul W. McCracken collegiate professor of business economics and public policy, professor of economics, and director, Office of Tax Policy Research, University of Michigan.