Handbook of Military and Defense Operations Research

Natalie M. Scala is an associate professor and director of the graduate programs in supply chain and project management in the College of Business and Economics at Towson University. She earned PhD and MS degrees in industrial engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. Her primary research is in decision analysis, with foci on military applications and cybersecurity. Dr. Scala frequently consults for government clients and has extensive professional experience, including positions with Innovative Decisions, Inc., the United States Department of Defense, the RAND Corporation, and the FirstEnergy Corporation. She is currently serving as the president of the INFORMS Military and Security Society.

James P. Howard II is a scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Previously, he worked for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as an internal consultant on statistical computing. He has also been a consultant to numerous government agencies. Additionally, he has taught mathematics, statistics, and public affairs since 2010. He earned a PhD in public policy from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.