The (Un)Welcome Stranger: Intercultural Sensitivity in Six American Novels

This book explores the possibilities of intercultural training through literature, especially as related to collegiate study abroad programs. It presents a behavioral analysis of American literary characters through the lens of Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, which identifies sensitivity to cultural differences within a six-stage developmental continuum. The literary characters studied in this work all undergo an early separation which forces them to experience and relate to different worldviews. Moby Dick’s Ishmael leaves land for an epic whaling adventure. Hester is forced to live on the outskirts of town in The Scarlet Letter. The nameless protagonist of The Country of the Pointed Firs leaves the city for the country. The title character of The American emigrates to Europe. Ellison’s narrator in Invisible Man experiences a series of separations, starting at his college acceptance. For Whom the Bell Tolls’ Robert Jordan leaves his Montana teaching job to fight in the Spanish Civil War. The book tracks each character’s progress along Bennett’s continuum, demonstrating how people--both real and fictional--can manifest intercultural sensitivity through exposure to different people, places, and experiences. The book concludes with a firsthand account of how the author’s own students advanced along Bennett’s continuum themselves following an intensive study of Ernest Hemingway’s novels and a study abroad experience in Havana, Cuba.

Jeff Morgan is a professor of English at Lynn University in Boca Raton, Florida, and the author of four books, numerous essays and poems. He lives in Boynton Beach, Florida.