Violent Verses of Peace?: An Exegetical and Theological Analysis of the Imagery of the Imprecatory Verses in Psalms 59, 69, and 109

The title of this work may seem provocative, as the Psalms containing imprecations have traditionally been labeled ＂violent.＂ To propose a shift from ＂violent＂ to ＂peaceful＂ as their defining characteristic is a significant challenge, one that this study seeks to address. Existing scholarship on the Psalms has predominantly examined the portrayal of the psalmist and his enemies, while the depiction of God in these texts has received little attention. Notably, no comprehensive study has yet explored the divine imagery within the imprecatory verses of the Psalter. Thus, the novelty of this study is that it systematically analyzes the images of God in these Psalms, offering a fresh perspective on the long-standing debate surrounding ＂sacred violence＂ in the Psalms.