A brief history of the successive caliphs who ruled from 632 to 1924

Brief history of the caliphs who reigned from 632 to 1924: Initially, the caliphate comprised four caliphs: the first caliph from 632 to 634, the second from 634 to 644, the third from 644 to 656 and the fourth from 656 to 661. Then Muawiya 1ᵉʳ from 661 to 680, who made the caliphate hereditary and established the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750, with Damascus as its capital. The Abbasids ousted the Umayyads from power, and established the caliphate in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. In the meantime, the Maghreb split into a multitude of dynasties that no longer depended on the authority of the caliphate. The Fatimid caliphate from 910 to 1171; the Cordoba caliphate from 928 to 1038. Capture of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258. Mamluk sultan Baybars rules Egypt. Caliphate vacated between 1453 and 1517. Caliphate reclaimed by the Ottomans. Abolition of the caliphate by Ottoman Mustapha Kemal in 1924.