This Special Issue presents achievements in addressing environmental water pollution. It comprises an editorial, discussing the removal of inorganic fluoride ions, and research papers covering topics such as the controlled synthesis of CaCO3 to enhance oil recovery, cobalt-doped CeFe2O5/biomass carbon for recovering pollutants from water, and other carbon-based materials for adsorption and pollutant photocatalytic degradation in water. This Special Issue also includes several high-quality reviews, focusing on the preparation and electrochemical applications of manganese dioxide nanomaterials, the use of nano-chitosan for the adsorption and removal of environmental pollutants, and the influencing factors and mechanisms of microplastics’ pollutant adsorption. This Special Issue provides valuable insights into the application of materials in environmental contexts.