Endocrine surgery pertains to surgery for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal diseases, and the role of surgical treatment is the most important aspect of patients’ care. Endocrine surgery is an area where advanced surgical techniques are used, such as the endoscopic and robotic approach, with various minimally invasive techniques. Furthermore, endocrine surgeons are at the forefront of basic research, including cancer genomics and biomedical informatics. In this Special Issue, we want to share up-to-date experiences of clinical care and basic research conducted by endocrine surgeons from around the world.