The Shadow Economy, Its Dimensions and Forms of Manifestation

The shadow economy is a complex economic phenomenon that encompasses activities that are not officially recorded, not taxed, and often illegal. It manifests itself in a hidden form in various sectors, such as production, trade, services, and financial transactions, reducing state budget revenues, threatening economic stability, and distorting the competitive environment. This article provides a detailed analysis of the methods used to determine the scale of the shadow economy, the main factors of its emergence, and the forms of its manifestation. It also highlights international experience in combating it, existing measures in Uzbekistan, and their effectiveness, and makes proposals to ensure economic openness and transparency.