This book provides an analysis of the period of Muslim rule in medieval Spain from 711 to 1031 A.D. However, to place this time period in context, it is important to look at what was happening in Spain before the Muslim invasion, as well as at what was happening in the known world, particularly in the Mediterranean basin, from the first to the eleventh centuries. For example, the Muslim empire spread rapidly in the seventh and eighth centuries, eventually covering areas from Spain to the Indus River and controlling all trade routes across the Mediterranean Sea.