This book aims to briefly address human rights with an emphasis on a vulnerable group of humanity, children and adolescents, first bringing up historical and conceptual aspects and then problematizing this issue within Brazilian territory. Some proposals are also put forward on how to preserve the human rights of this particular section of society. In addition, all the fundamental rights enjoyed by children and adolescents are covered by the principle of priority, according to which their protection and satisfaction must be sought and guaranteed by the state before any others. In other words, among the fundamental rights recognized for all individuals, an expression of their intrinsic dignity, those relating to children and adolescents must come first.