Effect of Microbial control agents on the nematodes

The agricultural impact of nematodes is substantial. These pests are responsible for billions of dollars in crop losses annually, affecting a wide variety of plants, including vegetables, fruits, cereals, and ornamental crops. Nematodes such as Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes), Heterodera (cyst nematodes), and Pratylenchus (lesion nematodes) are among the most notorious species known to cause significant damage Limon, (2015).. These nematodes invade plant roots, leading to the formation of galls or cysts, disrupting the plant’s nutrient and water uptake system, and often making them more susceptible to other pathogens Hiltpold,