Pisa and Timss-Oriented Approaches in Primary Mathematics Teaching

The findings suggest that a holistic, multi-dimensional approach-including curriculum modernization, interactive technology integration, formative and data-driven assessment, and the cultivation of a mathematical culture through competitions, clubs, and collaborative projects-can significantly enhance the effectiveness of mathematics education at the primary level. This approach ensures that students not only acquire procedural knowledge but also develop functional mathematical literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving competencies necessary for success in both national and international contexts.