Big Bang Redshift Controversy Re-visited: Based on a New Wave Propagation Theory

Since the Big Bang theory was proposed early in the last century, it has faced a great deal of persistent opposition. The reason was simple. Events happening in the space cannot be observed directly due to the vast distance involved. Big Bang or other alternative theories have the same limitations as none of them could provide direct evidence to justify the hypothesis and assumptions used. Hypothesis and assumptions are essential in any theory. However, in the late 1990’s, a standard model, within the framework of Big Bang, called the Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model has emerged. Through fine tuning parameters used in the standard model with observed data, including redshift in starlight, this standard model can make predictions in good agreement with Hubble law, an empirical redshift and distance correlation. Notwithstanding the fact this model has used unknown entities, dark matter, and dark energy, most astronomers and astrophysicists are supporters and proponents of this model. Since the beginning of this century, there has been a marked change in the landscape because more and more accurate redshift data are becoming available from deep space probes. Based on those new data, there is a generally agreed statistically significant difference between the redshift predictions from the standard model and directly measured data, known as Hubble law. Another newly found problem in Big Bang is that the universe has been found to be inhomogeneous and anisotropic, while Big Bang is based on a homogeneous and isotropic one. Providing there is no significant inaccuracy in how data are collected, when a theory cannot predict what is observed, the fault is with the theory. This is a scientific conclusion. Since Hubble tension becomes a consensus and important issue, hundreds of researchers have proposed changes for the standard model. However, even with all these attempts, there are still calls for new physics, that is an implicit admission that all the underlying principles about redshift have not been understood or covered in Big Bang theory or in any of its other alternatives.