analyzing jews and christians in the qur’an

Since the advent of Islam, Qur’anic exegesis has developed through various phases.Variant exegetical schools and works have emerged over time as a result of this, and others are predicated to appear in the future.1 Consequently, scholars have developed new types and methodologies in their approach to exegeses. A turning point saw a move away from traditional exegesis (that is to say, naqlī or riwāyah) to a more rational approach (’aqlī or dirāyah) throughout Muslim history. New movements such as the Shī’a, Khawārij, Murji’ah, Qadariyyah and Ṣūfīs emerged, as well as the four schools of jurisprudence (i.e. Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfi’ī, Ḥanbalī), and new converts to Islam. The emergence of these groups and their respective approaches impacted the development of exegesis, leading to changes in political, ideological, and theological viewpoints.