direction of arrival estimation methods and applications

This work presents an in-depth study on the Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation methods for underwater acoustic broadband signals, addressing the challenges posed by complex marine environments and the need for accurate signal processing in various applications such as sonar systems, underwater communication, and ocean exploration. The research encompasses traditional DOA estimation techniques, the integration of vector hydrophones, and the application of deep learning methodologies to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of DOA estimation in underwater environments.