udessa

Urban public land management was hampered by a lack of clear policies, strong institutions, transparency, public participation, and an inability to adequately control land use planning. The criteria for public land ownership were not clearly defined and assigned to the correct level of government. As a result, urban public land management in study areas still suffers from a lack of proper collection, scarcity, and inaccessibility of data. Furthermore, there was no minimal transfer of acquired land to private interests, and the expropriation was not only for a public purpose but also for the satisfaction of the interests of powerful individuals. The scope and limitations of the public purpose are unknown, and the expropriation power given to the state is more extensive and creates insecure ownership.