圖書名稱:Buddha-Dharma: Pure and Simple New Edition 1-3
In today’s Buddhist sphere, numerous claims have been made on what the Buddha has taught. However, were these teachings truly spoken by the Buddha? The Buddha-Dharma: Pure and Simple New Edition is an exploration of over 300 topics, where Venerable Master Hsing Yun clarifies the Buddha’s teachings in a way that is accessible and relevant to modern readers. Erroneous Buddhist views should be corrected, and the true meaning of the Buddha must be preserved to hold true to the original intents of the Buddha.
作者簡介:
About Venerable Master Hsing Yun
Venerable Master Hsing Yun (1927–2023) was born in Jiangsu Province, China. He studied at various renowned Buddhist institutions such as Qixia Vinaya College and Jiaoshan Buddhist College. Soon after his arrival in Taiwan in 1949, he became the chief editor of Human Life, a Buddhist magazine. In 1952, his efforts in establishing Buddhist Chanting Association strengthened the foundation for his subsequent endeavors in the promotion of the Dharma. Venerable Master founded Fo Guang Shan Monastery in 1967, with the primary goal of promoting Humanistic Buddhism through Buddhist education, culture, charity, and propagation of the Dharma. Since then, over two hundred branch temples have been established in major cities around the world. He has also set up art galleries, libraries, publishing houses, bookstores, mobile clinics, Buddhist colleges, and universities including: University of the West, Fo Guang University, Nanhua University, Nan Tien Institute, and Guang Ming College. In 1977, the Fo Guang Tripitaka Editorial Board was formed to compile the Fo Guang Buddhist Canon and the Fo Guang Dictionary of Buddhism. Many other works on Buddhism have also been published. Venerable Master Hsing Yun has dedicated his life to propagating Humanistic Buddhism. As a global citizen, he fostered “joy and harmony,” “oneness and coexistence,” “respect and tolerance,” and “equality and peace” throughout the world. When he founded the Buddha’s Light International Association in 1991 and was elected president of its world headquarters, he was closer to realizing the ideal of having “the Buddha’s light shining throughout the three thousand realms, and the Dharma water flowing across the five continents.”
譯者簡介:
About the Fo Guang Shan Institute of Humanistic Buddhism
Founded in 2013 by Venerable Master Hsing Yun, the Fo Guang Shan Institute of Humanistic Buddhism pursues the objectives of propagating the Buddha’s teachings and the Venerable Master’s thoughts on Humanistic Buddhism. The Institute endeavors to recruit experts and nurture scholars of Buddhism, gather ancient and contemporary editions of the Buddhist Canons, as well as compile the complete works of Venerable Master Hsing Yun. Through the Center of International Affairs, the Institute translates the works of the Venerable Master and holds the annual Symposium on Humanistic Buddhism, in addition to other international academic forums, welcoming outstanding scholars and youths from around the world to study Buddhism.
章節試閱
1. Taking Refuge in The Triple Gem
The Triple Gem—Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha—is the core of Buddhist faith, a spiritual wealth that transcends all worldly wealth.
The Buddha is the founder, Dharma is the truth, and Sangha is the teacher. All three are important conditions for sentient beings to attain liberation. Parables in the sutras refer to the Buddha as a good doctor, the Dharma as the wondrous cure, and Sangha as the caregivers. Only by having all three can a patient be healed. Likewise, in life, only by relying on the power of the Triple Gem can one be free from suffering and obtain happiness. Only then can one be at perfect ease and find liberation.
The Buddha is like the light that nurtures all beings. Light shines, warms, and allows life to mature. Light drives away darkness and fear. Sunlight brings warmth and allows plants to grow. Similarly, the Buddha’s light illuminates the mind. Taking refuge in the Buddha is like building a power station in one’s mind that continuously generates wholesome qualities of loving-kindness, wisdom, and faith.
The Dharma is like the water that nourishes all beings. Water cleanses, eradicating defilements and karmic hindrances. Water quenches thirst and allows plants to thrive, thus enabling one’s well-being and growth. Taking refuge in the Dharma is like building a waterworks in one’s mind that nourishes the body and mind, cleansing away afflictions and defilement.
The Sangha is like a field, enabling the planting of merit and virtue. The Sangha is a teacher and a wholesome friend. For example, Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, Maitreya Bodhisattva, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, and eminent masters are all teachers who educate, guide, and pass down knowledge. The Sangha serves and offers all beings convenience. Taking refuge in the Sangha is like owning many fields within which crops can grow into bountiful harvests, and upon which buildings can be constructed to enhance urban development.
While worldly treasures make life more comfortable, the Triple Gem is a spiritual treasure that brings peace, happiness, liberation, and ease. It can be likened to an elderly person finding support from a walking stick, or children calling out to their parents for safety from danger. Similarly, one finds safety from adversity through the power of contemplating the Triple Gem even when not in their presence. Simply being mindful of the Triple Gem brings power to the mind.
To truly take refuge in the Triple Gem, one begins with taking refuge in the Original Triple Gem, then advances to the Abiding Triple Gem, and lastly takes refuge in the Intrinsic Triple Gem. The Buddha said that all sentient beings possess the buddha-nature. By taking refuge in the Triple Gem, one takes refuge in oneself. As said in the sutras, the mind, the Buddha, and all sentient beings are all one and the same. Therefore, one must be respectful and have faith in the Triple Gem to reap the benefits.
Although taking refuge in the Triple Gem does not constrain one to the precepts, a sense of faith is itself a precept. Faith represents one’s mind and character, which should never be infringed upon.
Taking refuge in the Triple Gem is not only about recognizing a master but also having faith in oneself and to take refuge in one’s intrinsic nature. It is to practice self-discipline and self-respect through following the Buddha’s teachings on basic human morality and to uphold fundamental values of ethics. This can be done by practicing right action, right speech, and right mindfulness, as well as the Three Acts of Goodness: do good deeds, speak good words, and think good thoughts. In this way, one’s physical, verbal, and mental karma is purified. Such is the true meaning of taking refuge in the Triple Gem. 2. Upholding the Five Precepts
Despite different opinions on the teachings of the Buddha, every school and sect of Buddhism adheres strictly to the precepts as laid down by the Buddha.
A Buddhist observing the precepts is like a student following school rules, or a citizen abiding by the law. The only difference is that school rules and a nation’s laws are externally enforced rules, while Buddhist precepts are inner values of self-discipline.
Taking refuge is the first step to learning Buddhism, whereas upholding the Five Precepts is faith in practice. The essence of precepts is to not infringe upon others. By doing so, one’s Three Karmas—physical, verbal, and mental karma—can be purified. Therefore, precepts are the foundation of all wholesome practices. Upholding the Five Precepts enhances one’s faith and wisdom, gives rise to merit, and strengthens one’s practice. This strength prevents unwholesome conduct and wrongdoing from arising. One will also be respected by others and coexist in harmony with all.
The Five Precepts are:
1. Refrain from Killing This mainly refers to not violating human life and respecting people’s right to life. Though Buddhism does not enforce a vegetarian diet, one should not kill other beings carelessly. As the saying goes, “You are urged not to shoot the spring birds, for the nesting babies await their mother’s return.” Therefore, to refrain from killing is to not violate or harm lives, and to evolve from advocating “human rights” to “the right to life.”
2. Refrain from Stealing This refers to not illegally taking possession of others’ properties, namely, taking without permission. The property of others should be respected. Taking things without permission, instructing someone else to do so, or delighting upon seeing such action are all considered inappropriate. Furthermore, opportunism, corruption, embezzlement, misusing public funds, operating illegal businesses, and fraud are considered unacceptable illegal proceeds in Buddhism.
3. Refrain from Sexual Misconduct This refers to refraining from being involved in extramarital relationships, which bring misfortune to families and upset the order of society. Therefore, refraining from sexual misconduct means respecting the body, reputation, and integrity of others. Not only will families be happy, societies and nations shall also be stable and harmonious.
4. Refrain from Lying This refers to refraining from harsh, divisive, flattering, or dishonest speech. Gossip and slander that damage another’s reputation, sabotage the good intentions of others, or result in grave harm are considered lying. Therefore, refraining from lying means respecting the reputation and credibility of other people.
5. Refrain from Intoxicants As a general rule, this refers to not partaking of substances that harm one’s health or impair one’s judgment. For example, a drug like morphine not only harms the body and mind, it also corrodes one’s reputation, wealth, and affinities with others. Alcohol is a stimulant that poisons the body and mind when taken in excess. Therefore, to refrain from intoxicants is to respect the health and intelligence of oneself and others.
The Five Precepts may seem like five separate aspects, but fundamentally speaking, there is only one core precept: to not violate others. Personal freedom is gained by respecting others and refraining from infringing upon them. Upholding the Five Precepts embodies the true meaning of freedom and democracy. The majority of those imprisoned and deprived of their freedom are all those who have violated the Five Precepts. Therefore, to uphold the Five Precepts is to abide by the law. Only those who uphold the Five Precepts can be free from fear and worry, enabling a life of true freedom, peace, happiness, and dignity.
Among Buddhists, the general practice of giving is a means of accumulating merits. This is a way of benefiting others through material giving; anyone willing to give can do so. On the other hand, upholding the Five Precepts is a practice to prevent wrongdoings and ensure wholesome deeds that lead to the purification of oneself. Such practice inspires respect for others and brings a sense of inner peace and stability to society so that freedom can be enjoyed by all. The merit gained from not violating others surpasses that of the practice of generosity. That is why the Buddha highly regarded the Five Precepts as the “Five Mahadanas” (Five Great Offerings).
Moreover, the Five Precepts in Buddhism—refraining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants—share something in common with Five Constant Virtues of Confucianism—humaneness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and integrity. To refrain from killing is humaneness; to refrain from stealing is righteousness; to refrain from having sexual misconduct is propriety; to refrain from lying is integrity; and to refrain from intoxicants is wisdom. However, the difference between the two is that the Five Constant Virtues are meant to exhort others and restrict oneself, whereas the Five Precepts are a progression from a passive practice of non-infringement to actively respecting and benefiting others. The fundamental spirit of the precepts is to respect the freedom of others and to not infringe upon anyone.
In this way, those who protect lives and refrain from killing will naturally be healthy and long-lived. Those who give and refrain from stealing will naturally be wealthy. Those who respect the integrity of others and refrain from sexual misconduct will naturally have harmonious families. Those who praise others and refrain from lying will naturally have a good reputation. Those who avoid alcohol and intoxicants will naturally be healthy.
From the perspective of benefiting oneself, upholding the Five Precepts is like sowing seeds in a field of merit; one is naturally benefitted even without prayer, thus enjoying endless merit and wholesome effects. In the context of benefiting others, upholding the Five Precepts is the cure that purifies people’s minds. The more people uphold the precepts, the more benefits they will bring. If everyone in a nation upholds the Five Precepts, then the nation will certainly be a harmonious, joyous, free, and democratic land.
1. Taking Refuge in The Triple Gem
The Triple Gem—Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha—is the core of Buddhist faith, a spiritual wealth that transcends all worldly wealth.
The Buddha is the founder, Dharma is the truth, and Sangha is the teacher. All three are important conditions for sentient beings to attain liberation. Parables in the sutras refer to the Buddha as a good doctor, the Dharma as the wondrous cure, and Sangha as the caregivers. Only by having all three can a patient be healed. Lik...
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譯者序 Translator’s Introduction
Buddha-Dharma: Pure and Simple by Venerable Master Hsing Yun, the Founding Master of Fo Guang Shan, is a profound exploration of Buddhist teachings that seeks to distill the essence of the Buddha’s wisdom into clear and accessible language. The original 307-article, three-volume Chinese edition was published in 2017. In 2019, 50 articles were translated into English and published as the first installment, well-received as a 21st-century guide to Humanistic Buddhism. The following five installments were consequently released from 2020 to 2023, offering a Dharma guide during the COVID-19 pandemic. This year, in memory of Venerable Master Hsing Yun, we are releasing a revised edition with articles arranged in their original Chinese three-volume format.
This collection includes a special addition of the Venerable Master’s “An Honest Revelation—An Open Letter,” which details the final words of a 90-year-old monk devoted to Humanistic Buddhism and service to all sentient beings. It is followed by individual articles divided into four sections: (1) Buddhist doctrine, providing insight into fundamental Buddhist teachings; (2) Buddhist philosophy and thought, encouraging readers to contemplate the connection between Buddha-Dharma and living, and inspiring them to integrate the Dharma into everyday life; (3) Buddhist culture and tradition, taking readers a look into Buddhism’s rich 2500-year history; and (4) Buddhist endeavors, illustrating ways practitioners can embody the bodhisattva spirit and participate in Buddhist activities.
Certain articles describe issues specific to Indian or Chinese Buddhism. To assist in the reading experience, terminology that does not translate well into English is kept in either romanized Sanskrit or Chinese pinyin. Furthermore, the Notes section provides additional elaboration on these practices, literature, individuals, rituals, or traditions. An Index is also provided at the end of each volume for quick research based on key terms.
The Venerable Master believed that the legacy of the Buddha’s teachings must be shared and preserved through cultural and educational endeavors. Since his passing on February 5, 2023, we hope to continue honoring his profound wisdom and deep compassion by translating and publishing his writings. May Buddha-Dharma: Pure and Simple New Edition be a beacon on your journey in learning and practicing the Dharma.
Venerable Miao Guang Editor-in-Chief July 2024
譯者序 Translator’s Introduction
Buddha-Dharma: Pure and Simple by Venerable Master Hsing Yun, the Founding Master of Fo Guang Shan, is a profound exploration of Buddhist teachings that seeks to distill the essence of the Buddha’s wisdom into clear and accessible language. The original 307-article, three-volume Chinese edition was published in 2017. In 2019, 50 articles were translated into English and published as the first installment, well-received as a 21st-century guide to Humanistic B...
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目錄
VOLUME 1 About Venerable Master Hsing Yun Translator’s Introduction Preface
SPECIAL TRIBUTE An Honest Revelation—An Open Letter
PART 1: BUDDHIST DOCTRINES 1. Taking Refuge in the Triple Gem 2. Upholding the Five Precepts 3. Generosity 4. Precepts 5. Patience 6. Diligence 7. Meditative Concentration 8. Prajna Wisdom 9. Loving-Kindness and Compassion 10. Suffering 11. Emptiness 12. Impermanence 13. Non-self 14. Middle Path 15. The Four Elements Are Not Empty 16. Four Noble Truths 17. Four Immeasurables 18. Four Means of Embracing 19. Four Reliances 20. Four Dharma Realms 21. Four Universal Vows 22. The Law of Cause and Effect Across the Three Time Periods 23. Twelve Links of Dependent Origination 24. Nirvana 25. The Path to Liberation 26. Bodhi Mind 27. Absolute Emptiness 28. Affliction is Bodhi 29. One is Many 30. Motion and Stillness are One 31. Listening, Contemplation, and Practice 32. Transforming Cognitive Knowledge into Prajna Wisdom 33. Across All of Time and All of Space 34. Understanding “Essence, Attribute, and Influence” 35. Equality 36. Faith 37. Aspiration 38. Remorse 39. Repentance 40. Vow 41. Dedication of Merits 42. Causes, Conditions, and Effects 43. Dharma Gate of Non-Duality 44. Thus Have I Heard 45. Dual Cultivation of Merit and Wisdom 46. Old Age, Sickness, Death, and Rebirth 47. Transcending Birth and Death 48. Buddha’s Light Verse 49. The Uniquely Honored One 50. Giving of Fearlessness 51. Honored One Among Two-Legged Beings 52. Amitabha Buddha 53. Who is the Buddha’s Mother 54. Metaphors of Cyclic Existence 55. Rely on the Self, Rely on the Dharma 56. Listen Mindfully 57. Believe, Accept, and Uphold the Dharma 58. Equality in Giving and Receiving 59. Noble Eightfold Path 60. Eight Winds 61. Six Points of Reverent Harmony 62. Dharma Abode 63. A Drop of Water 64. Metaphors of the Mind 65. The Mind as a Factory 66. Ordinary Mind 67. No Truth Beyond the Mind 68. Expedient Means 69. Awakening 70. Three Acts of Goodness 71. Four Givings 72. Six Sense Organs 73. Cultivation 74. Divine Connection 75. Letting Go 76. Giving and Receiving 77. Field of Merit 78. Wealth 79. The Ten Vows of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva 80. Four Advices from Four Sutras 81. Four Small Things Not to be Taken Lightly 82. Master Daosheng Expounds the Dharma 83. Beyond Words 84. The Small Matters of Birth and Death 85. Understanding Precepts 86. Understanding Patience 87. The Meaning of Cause and Effect 88. Ten Names of the Tathagata 89. Understanding Austerities 90. Transcending Desire 91. Destiny and Causes and Conditions 92. Blessings and Elimination of Karma 93. Empowerment and Deliverance 94. Queries and Conceptual Proliferation 95. Karmic Rewards and Retributions Notes Index
VOLUME 2 SECTION 1: BUDDHIST DOCTRINES 96. Genetic Modification 97. Unrighteous Generosity 98. Improper Reliances 99. Húshuō Bādào 100. Human Deification 101. On Souls
SECTION 2: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY AND THOUGHT 1. Buddha, Where are You? 2. Practice the Buddha’s Way 3. I Am a Buddha 4. Each and Every Buddha Walks on the Same Path 5. Oneness and Coexistence 6. Global Citizen 7. Great Nirvana 8. Pick Up and Let Go with Perfect Ease 9. Sudden and Gradual Enlightenment Are As Equals 10. Gender Equality 11. The Importance of Equality 12. Stages of Aspiration 13. Understanding Generosity 14. Taking Refuge 15. Five Harmonies 16. Seven Admonishments 17. Joy 18. Auspiciousness 19. Shine with Light 20. Relics 21. Austerities 22. Stick and Shout 23. Idolization 24. Chan Associates 25. Never Disparage 26. Martyrdom 27. Repayment of Kindness 28. Eliminating Calamity and Hindrances 29. Dharma is Our Home 30. Who Am I? 31. Solving Our Own Problems 32. I am Among the Multitude 33. Having By Not Wanting 34. Give Others Causes and Conditions 35. Reciprocal Donation 36. Be Your Own Mentor 37. Who is the God of Wealth? 38. Where There is the Dharma, There is a Way 39. Being Used by Others Shows One’s True Worth 40. Never Forget One’s Initial Aspirations 41. The Beauty in Enjoyment 42. Do What is in Accordance with the Buddha 43. Keeping Money in the Hands of Devotee 44. Half-and-Half 45. Keeping People in Mind 46. What is the Value of Life? 47. Infinite Life 48. Think Outside the Box 49. Unreasonableness and Unfeelingness 50. Every Day is a Good Day 51. A Step Back is a Step Forward 52. Monastics are Without Families 53. The Triple Gems of Religion: Each Father to Their Own 54. Heaven, Earth, Humanity 55. Filial Piety 56. Befriending Illness 57. Three Parts Guidance, Seven Parts Friendship 58. Legacy 59. Indestructible Diamond 60. Dispel What is Wrong and Reveal What is Right 61. Original and Manifested Bodies 62. Fortune-Telling Sticks and Dharma Words 63. Faith Or Fear 64. The Act and the Intention of Killing 65. Life-Releasing or Life-Ending 66. Buddhism and Politics 67. Buddhism and Environmental Preservation 68. Environmental and Spiritual Preservation 69. Profound Discussion and Practical Actions 70. Prajna and Wisdom 71. Ten Sramanera Precepts 72. Eight Garudharmas 73. Mahayana Buddhism is Not Spoken by the Buddha 74. Is it the Age of Declining Dharma When Lay Buddhists Teach? 75. Can Plants Become Buddhas? 76. Will Hell Be Emptied? 77. Significance of the Attendance List in the Amitabha Sutra 78. Recognizing Chan Master Shenxiu 79. Recognizing Mazu 80. Underground Palaces 81. Eighteen Arhats 82. Kim Gyo-gak 83. Eight Groups of Heavenly Beings 84. Sacrificing Body and Flesh to Feed Eagles and Tigers 85. Not Going Against the Will of Others 86. Aligning the Eyes, Nose, and Chest 87. Eminent Masters are Born from Austerities 88. Song of the Ten Practices and Cultivations 89. To Whom the Chants Are Offered? 90. We Need Three Homes 91. A Temple is Like a Gas Station 92. Recording the History of Devotees 93. Age for Renunciation 94. A Monastic’s Possessions 95. Renunciation in Youth or Adulthood 96. New Ways of Dharma Propagation 97. Buddhist Anthem 98. Crisis Awareness 99. Organ Donation 100. Hospice Care 101. Legend of the White Snake Notes Index
VOLUME 3 SECTION 3: BUDDHIST CULTURE AND TRADITION 1. Did the Buddha Express Anger? 2. Does Arhats Commit Killing, Stealing, and Sensual Conduct? 3. Where are Heaven and Hell Found? 4. Was the Sixth Patriarch Illiterate? 5. Where Can Mentors Be Found? 6. Where Does One Abide? 7. Types of Faith 8. Significance of Short-Term Monastic Retreat 9. Significance of the Buddhist Flag 10. Buddha Selection Court 11. Supernatural Powers 12. Spiritual Retreat 13. Consecration Ceremony 14. First Incense, First Bell, and First Drum 15. Light Offering 16. Joined Palms 17. Prostration 18. Formal Meal 19. Making Offerings 20. No Eating After Noon 21. Alms Procession 22. Blessed with Merit 23. Renunciation 24. Most Venerable 25. Guest Receptionist 26. Dharma Friend 27. Dharma Protector 28. The Merits of Rejoicing in Others’ Virtues 29. The Essence of Offering to the Sangha 30. The Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet 31. Rebirth 32. Deities 33. Ghosts 34. Unhuman 35. Young Boy and Young Girl 36. Caigu and Shigu 37. Bodhisattva and Volunteer 38. Avalokitesvara 39. Mahasattva 40. Cloud and Water Practices 41. Skillful Teachings 42. Ten Hardships of the Buddha 43. Three Meetings Beneath the Dragon-Flower Tree 44. Eradicating Calamities and Obstructions for Yasodhara 45. Hong Kong Was Developed by Buddhist Monastics 46. The Original Journey to the West 47. Roaming Jianghu 48. Misty-Minded 49. Beauty 50. Four Kinds of Comportment 51. To Speak Gently and Steadily 52. Haiqing and Changshan 53. Siksamana 54. Sickbay 55. The Foremost Scripture 56. Karmic Debt 57. Neither Aging nor Decaying 58. A Sesame Seed and a Grain of Wheat 59. Renouncing and Disrobing 60. Tudigong 61. Modern-day Bodhisattvas 62. Zhao Puchu Bodhisattva 63. Yang Renshan Bodhisattva
SECTION 4: BUDDHIST ENDEAVORS 1. Reforming and Revitalizing Buddhism 2. Substituting the Vinaya with Pure Regulations 3. Reforming the Monastic System 4. On the Vinaya 5. Improving the Five Sessions of Daily Practices 6. Formalities in Life 7. Celebrations of the Triple Gem 8. Buddhist Exam 9. Lay Dharma Lecturer 10. Fo Guang Family Gathering 11. Spring Couplets 12. Buddhist Wedding 13. Water Drop Teahouse 14. Significance of the Million-Member Fundraising Campaign 15. Short-Term Monastic Retreat 16. Rains Retreat 17. Itinerant Practice 18. Traveling to Learn 19. Pilgrimage 20. Personal Practice 21. Collective Cultivation 22. Devotees Assembly 23. Dharma Service 24. Building Affinities 25. Foundation Laying Ceremony 26. Eternal Lamp 27. Evening, Midnight, and Late Night 28. Water and Land Dharma Service 29. Eight Precepts Retreat 30. Six Uposatha Days 31. The Fifty-Three Visits 32. Dharma Propagation Through Arts and Culture 33. Buddhist Endeavors Through Sounds and Music 34. Advancing Education in Temples 35. Endeavors for Dharma Propagation 36. Religious Legislation 37. Buddhism and Physical Activity 38. Buddhist Architecture 39. Master and Disciple 40. The Importance of Passing Down Legacy 41. Mutual Praise Between Monastics 42. Between Country and Religion Notes Index
VOLUME 1 About Venerable Master Hsing Yun Translator’s Introduction Preface
SPECIAL TRIBUTE An Honest Revelation—An Open Letter
PART 1: BUDDHIST DOCTRINES 1. Taking Refuge in the Triple Gem 2. Upholding the Five Precepts 3. Generosity 4. Precepts 5. Patience 6. Diligence 7. Meditative Concentration 8. Prajna Wisdom 9. Loving-Kindness and Compassion 10. Suffering 11. Emptiness 12. Impermanence 13. Non-self 14. Middle Path 15. The Four Elements Are Not Empty 16. Four No...