世界一詞在現代社會意為對所有事物的代稱。原本是佛教概念，由「世」和「界」組合而成的世界，即所謂由所有時間空間組成的萬事萬物。
維基百科Prehistory
ca. 4000 BCE
01 Out of Primal Chaos
The prehistory 15–4.5 billion years ago
If time travel is possible, where are the tourists from the future?
The English physicist Stephen Hawking (1942– ) has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of twenty as a result of a motor neuron disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which left him with a paralysed body; at forty-three he contracted pneumonia and had to have a tracheotomy, which removed his ability to speak altogether. However, he never lost heart but spared no efforts in pursuing his research and in the end became the most distinguished theoretical physicist in the contemporary world. His renowned work, A Brief History of Time: from the Big Bang to Black Holes, published in 1988, established him as the highest authority on cosmology.
According to the findings of Hawking and other scientists, from the outer space, originally in the state of a vacuum, appeared at an unknown time a gravitational singularity in what is called “the cosmic egg”. (Hawking thinks that within the limits of the space-time in which the singularity exists, all scientific laws and predictability cease to be effective.) This singularity exploded about 15 billion years ago with a Big Bang and formed the universe.
The universe expanded rapidly, largely because of the presence of “dark energy”, after the explosion, occupying a space from zero to immensity, its diameter spanning a light year. The matter produced by the explosion gradually cooled down to form nebulae, which in time evolved into the galaxies.
There are numerous nebulae and galaxies in the universe. One of the galaxies is called the Milky Way. It came into existence 10 billion years ago. Within the Milky Way are numerous stars and planets. The former are still in a state of combustion, giving out light and heat while the latter have cooled down and give out neither light nor heat.
The galaxies revolve in the universe on fixed orbits; stars revolve in the galaxies on fixed orbits as well. Planets, as dependencies of the stars, revolve round the star to which each belongs. They are attracted to each other by universal gravitation, which keeps them at a safe distance apart all the time.
The Sun is a small star in the Milky Way. Its precursor was a nebula. About 5 billion years ago, this nebula collapsed and contracted owing to the explosion of a supernova nearby. In the contracted nebula, the centre was occupied by the sun, with planets revolving round it on oblong-shaped orbits. The larger planets are eight in number: Mercury is the star closest to the sun; the others in order are Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The Earth, besides revolving round the Sun, also rotates on its axis. This is a formless axis on which the Earth self-rotates, its two ends being the North and South Poles, perpendicular to the equatorial plane and forming an angle of 66.5 degrees with the Earth’s orbital plane. The Earth’s rotation gives rise to day and night; owing to the slanting position of the axis, the Earth’s revolution (taking 365.24 days to complete one cycle round the Sun) gives rise to the four seasons. It can be imagined that once the angle of the Earth’s axis changes, global climatic changes will follow. This has happened before.
The Moon is a satellite of the Earth, revolving round the Earth, taking 29.53 days for one cycle.
It had taken about 0.5 billion (500 million) years from the explosion of the supernova to the formation of the Earth. We will take a close look at the evolution of the Earth in the past 4.5 billion years in the following chapter.
史前篇
約公元前 4000年之前
01 混沌初開 150–45 億年前的歷史
霍金，英國人，生於 1942 年。20 歲時，因肌肉萎縮而全身癱瘓， 要終生坐輪椅；43 歲時，又因肺炎要做穿氣管手術，以致從此不能說話。可是他沒有氣餒，仍然努力不懈，潛心研究，終於成為近世最傑出的理論物理學家。1988 年，他寫成《時間簡史》一書，奠定了他作為宇宙學最高權威的地位。
根據霍金等科學家的研究結果，本來處於真空狀態的太空不知何時出現了一個人們稱為「宇宙蛋」的奇點。(霍金認為，奇點存在於特定的時空中，在其範圍內所有科學定律和預見性都失效。)這個奇點在大約150 億年前發生大爆炸，形成宇宙。
大爆炸使宇宙迅速膨脹，其所佔空間從無到有，直徑兩端的距離一下子就擴展到一光年，此後更因為「暗能量」的大量湧現而不斷膨脹。大爆炸所產生的物質後來逐漸冷卻，形成星雲，進而演化為星系。
宇宙內有無數的星雲和星系，其中一個星系叫銀河系，它形成於一百億年前。銀河系內又有無數的恆星和行星。恆星仍然處於燃燒狀態，所以又發熱又發光；行星經已冷卻，所以既不發熱也不發光。
星系按照一定的軌道在宇宙內運轉，恆星也按照一定的軌道在星系內運轉。行星作為恆星的附庸則繞着所屬恆星運轉。萬有引力讓它們互相牽引，彼此之間長期保持穩定的距離。
太陽是銀河系中一顆小恆星。它的前身是一團星雲。大約五十億年前，這團星雲因附近一顆超新星爆發而塌縮。星雲收縮後，中間形成太陽，外圍形成行星，比較大的有八個，它們循着橢圓形的軌道環繞太陽旋轉。最接近太陽的行星是水星，其他依次是金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星。
地球除了環繞太陽旋轉外，還繞着地軸自轉。地軸是一條有質無形的地球自轉軸，它的兩端是南極和北極，和赤道面相垂直，和地球的軌道面相交成 66.5 度角。地球自轉造成晝夜；因為地軸傾斜的緣故，公轉(繞着太陽旋轉，一周需時 365.24 日)造成四季。可以想像，一旦地軸的傾斜度出現變化，世界各地的氣候就會有所改變。這情況以前就曾發生過。
月亮是地球的衞星，它繞着地球運行，一周需時 29.53 日。
從超新星的爆發到地球的形成，中間經過大約五億年。我們將會在下一章細看地球在過去 45 億年演化的情況。
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人類文明簡史：從中國看世界（中英對照上/下兩冊）的圖書 |
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$ 672 ～ 808 | 人類文明簡史：從中國看世界（中英對照上/下兩冊）
作者：馮以浤 ／ 譯者：張曼儀 出版社：香港城市大學出版社 出版日期：2017-07-01 語言：繁體書  共 4 筆 → 查價格、看圖書介紹
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圖書名稱：人類文明簡史：從中國看世界（中英對照上/下兩冊）
歷史是人類文明承傳的紀錄。學習歷史不但可以鑑古知今，還可以提高我們對人文活動的認識和關懷。香港現在的歷史教育把中國歷史和世界歷史劃分為兩個互不統屬的科目，但世界上沒有一個國家是完全孤立的，它的歷史也不可能不受到其他地區的影響。因此，我們應全面地看它們的關係和發展的過程。 本書以中國為經、世界其他地區為緯，嘗試把人類錯綜複雜的歷史整合起來，構成一幅比較完整的圖畫，讓讀者看到先祖的起源和人類的發展。全書記述的歷史跨度宏大全面，從史前到現代，從中國到世界，從人類文明的起源到朝代的興替，是一本普及版世界歷史書籍。
本書特別適合中學生、大學生及對中外歷史有興趣的讀者閱讀。
作者簡介：
馮以浤，香港大學文學士及教育碩士學位。曾任拔萃男書院運動主任、香港大學明原堂舍監兼教育系講師、香港中文大學教育學院高級講師兼課程與教學系主任。退休後，嘗任香港中文大學榮譽副教授。馮先生從事教育工作多年，專研地理教育、課外活動和學生運動，對中學的中國語文和中國歷史教學工作也有豐富的經驗和一定的心得。近年著作有To Serve and To Lead: A History of the Diocesan Boys’ School, Hong Kong（與陳慕華合著）、《立足神州看世界：人類文明簡史》、《小河淌水：退休教師憶流年》等，譯著包括《胸肺疾病手冊》、《林護：孫中山背後的香港建築商》等。
Author
FUNG Yee Wang, received his B.A. and M.A. from the University of Hong Kong. His work experience and positions held include Sportsmaster at DBS, Warden of Old Halls and Part-time Lecturer in Education at HKU, and Senior Lecturer and Head of the Curriculum and Instruction Department at CUHK. He had been appointed Hon. Associate Professor of the Faculty of Education by CUHK after retirement. Mr. Fung is an experienced educator, specializing in geographical education, student activities and student activism. He is also well versed in the teaching of Chinese language and Chinese History in secondary school. His recent publications include: To Serve and To Lead: A History of the Diocesan Boys’ School, Hong Kong (in collaboration with Chan-Yeung Mo Wah Moira); China and the World; The Rippling Stream: Memoir of a Retired Teacher; A Handbook of Lung Diseases and Lam Woo: Master Builder, Revolutionary, and Philanthropist; the last two being translations from English to Chinese.
譯者簡介：
張曼儀，香港大學文學士、美國哥倫比亞大學文學碩士、英國華威大學翻譯學博士，現任香港大學中文學院榮譽副教授。自1967年起在香港大學任教翻譯及現當代文學近三十年。著有《卞之琳著譯研究》、《翻譯十談》等。其英譯著作包括The Carving of Insects（合譯，獲美國筆會2007年度翻譯獎）、The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions（合譯）、A Full Load of Moonlight: Chinese Chan Buddhist Poems（合譯）、Xu Zhimo: Selected Poems（合譯）等。
Translator
Mary M. Y. FUNG, Hon. Associate Professor at the School of Chinese, the University of Hong Kong, received her B.A. (Hons.) from the University of Hong Kong, her M.A. from Columbia University, and her Ph.D. in Translation Studies from the University of Warwick. She taught Translation and Twentieth Century Chinese Literature at the University of Hong Kong since 1967 for thirty years. Her publications in Chinese include A Study of Bian Zhilin’s Poetry and Translations and Ten Talks on Translation. Her translated works from Chinese to English include The Carving of Insects (awarded the 2007 PEN USA Translation Prize); The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions; A Full Load of Moonlight: Chinese Chan Buddhist Poems; and Xu Zhimo: Selected Poems; all co-authored.
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章節試閱
Prehistory
ca. 4000 BCE
01 Out of Primal Chaos
The prehistory 15–4.5 billion years ago
If time travel is possible, where are the tourists from the future?
The English physicist Stephen Hawking (1942– ) has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of twenty as a result of a motor neuron disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which left him with a paralysed body; at forty-three he contracted pneumonia and had to have a tracheotomy, which removed his ability to speak altogeth...
ca. 4000 BCE
01 Out of Primal Chaos
The prehistory 15–4.5 billion years ago
If time travel is possible, where are the tourists from the future?
The English physicist Stephen Hawking (1942– ) has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of twenty as a result of a motor neuron disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which left him with a paralysed body; at forty-three he contracted pneumonia and had to have a tracheotomy, which removed his ability to speak altogeth...
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作者序
這是一本主要為勤奮好學和慎思明辨的中學生而寫的書，也顧及一般有上進心的成年人的需要，旨在協助他們於短時間內掌握人類的歷史進程和擴闊個人的國際視野。
這不是一本按照既定課程編寫的教科書，也不是一本以趣味性為招徠的消閒書籍。這是一本比較全面地和系統地介紹人類文明進程的歷史書。它以中國為經、世界其他地區為緯，並配以大量地圖，嘗試把人類錯綜複雜的歷史整合起來，構成一幅比較完整的圖畫，讓讀者看到我們的先祖是怎樣走過來的。
筆者知道，這是一項艱巨的工程。要跨越的時空實在是太大了，要概括的資料實在是太多了，因...
這不是一本按照既定課程編寫的教科書，也不是一本以趣味性為招徠的消閒書籍。這是一本比較全面地和系統地介紹人類文明進程的歷史書。它以中國為經、世界其他地區為緯，並配以大量地圖，嘗試把人類錯綜複雜的歷史整合起來，構成一幅比較完整的圖畫，讓讀者看到我們的先祖是怎樣走過來的。
筆者知道，這是一項艱巨的工程。要跨越的時空實在是太大了，要概括的資料實在是太多了，因...
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目錄
(Contents of Volume I)
(上册目錄)
Prehistory
史前篇
01 Out of Primal Chaos
混沌初開
02 Evolution of the Universe
萬物衍生
03 The Stone Age
石器時代
04 Human Species and Languages
人種、語言和文字
The Ancient Period
古代篇
05 The Four Great Civilizations
四大文明
06 Africa and the Americas in the Early Times
早期的非洲和美洲
07 Hellenistic Civilization
希臘文明
08 Periods of the Spring-Autumn and the Warring States
春...
(上册目錄)
Prehistory
史前篇
01 Out of Primal Chaos
混沌初開
02 Evolution of the Universe
萬物衍生
03 The Stone Age
石器時代
04 Human Species and Languages
人種、語言和文字
The Ancient Period
古代篇
05 The Four Great Civilizations
四大文明
06 Africa and the Americas in the Early Times
早期的非洲和美洲
07 Hellenistic Civilization
希臘文明
08 Periods of the Spring-Autumn and the Warring States
春...
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商品資料
- 作者： 馮以浤 譯者： 張曼儀
- 出版社： 香港城市大學出版社 出版日期：2017-07-01 ISBN/ISSN：9789629373023
- 語言：繁體中文 裝訂方式：平裝 頁數：724頁
- 商品尺寸：長：260mm \ 寬：190mm
- 類別： 中文書> 歷史地理
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