Yuk Hui Yuk HUI is currently a Professor of Philosophy and Chair of Human Conditions at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. Hui wrote his doctoral thesis under the French philosopher Bernard Stiegler at Goldsmiths College London and obtained his Habilitation from the Leuphana University Lüneburg. He is the author of several monographs that have been translated into a dozen languages, including On the Existence of Digital Objects (2016), The Question Concerning Technology in China—An Essay in Cosmotechnics (2016), Recursivity and Contingency (2019), Art and Cosmotechnics (2021) and Machine and Sovereignty—For a Planetary Thinking (2024). Hui has been a juror of the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture since 2020 and convenor of the Research Network for Philosophy and Technology since 2014.
Wendy Hui Kyong Chun Wendy Hui Kyong Chun is Simon Fraser University’s Canada 150 Research Chair in New Media in the School of Communication and Director of the Digital Democracies Institute. She has studied both Systems Design Engineering and English Literature, which she combines and mutates in her research on digital media. She is the author of many books, including: Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (MIT, 2006), Programmed Visions: Software and Memory (MIT, 2011), Updating to Remain the Same: Habitual New Media (MIT, 2016), and Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition (2021, MIT Press). She has been Professor and Chair of the Department of Modern Culture and Media at Brown University, where she worked for almost two decades and is currently a Visiting Professor. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and has also held fellowships from: the Guggenheim, ACLS, American Academy of Berlin, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard.
廖咸浩 國立臺灣大學人文社會高等研究院院長、外國語文學系特聘教授。史丹福大學文學博士,哈佛大學博士後研究。曾任中華民國比較文學學會理事長、臺北市文化局局長等。2018年獲科技部「傑出研究獎」。著有《愛與解構》、《美麗新世紀》、《紅樓夢的補天之恨》等書。目前正撰寫《台灣電影中主體的僵局與超越》、Deleuze and Taoism等書。
Wendy K. Tam Wendy K. Tam is Professor and Stevenson Chair of Political Science, Computer Science, Law, and Biomedical Informatics at Vanderbilt University, an affiliate at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Professor Emerita at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Professional Researcher in the School of Medicine at the University of California at San Francisco. She has been a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Society for Political Methodology, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Stanford), and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution (Stanford).
Patrick Hebron Patrick Hebron is a designer, software developer, teacher, and author. His work explores the intersection of artificial intelligence, design tools, programming languages, and operating systems. In particular, he has focused on the development of AI-driven digital design tools. He founded the Machine Intelligence Design groups at Nvidia and Adobe and was Vice President of R&D at Stability AI. He is the author of Machine Learning for Designers, published by O’Reilly Media, as well as numerous articles, including “Rethinking Design Tools in the Age of Machine Learning” and “A Unified Tool for the Education of Humans and Machines.” He has also worked as an adjunct graduate professor and scientist in residence at New York University.
Joff P. N. Bradley Joff P. N. Bradley is full professor of English and Philosophy in the Faculty and Graduate School of Foreign Languages, Teikyo University, Tokyo. He has held visiting positions at Jamia Millia Islamia University (India), Kyung Hee University (South Korea), Durham University (UK), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (Argentina), and currently at the Czech Academy of Sciences. He is Vice President of the International Association of Japan Studies and serves on advisory boards for Deleuze and Guattari Studies in Asia and in India. Bradley has co-authored and edited 17 books on Deleuze, cinema, utopia, Buddhism, Japanese education, and Bernard Stiegler.
這種對衝擊之無法掌握的憂懼,在面對人工智能時更是顯現無疑。特別是人工智能擬人的部分,乃至最終可能取代人的這種史無前例的想像,更觸動了人類內在最深處的興奮與恐懼。人工智能可為善亦可為惡,但其效應都接近一種對人類的存在性(existential)的挑戰。我們面對的未來,是新局還是終局——是有如創世紀的清晨般美麗動人,還是《科學怪人》幽暗的啟示錄?人類是否已經張開雙臂,準備好迎接赫胥黎(Thomas Huxley, 1825–1895)所謂的「美麗(難測)新世界」(brave new world)?還是說,這類的判斷已經超出人類想像力的邊界?走在科技的最前沿,我們應該如何繼續想像「人性」?這不只是對人類想像力的重大測試,更是對人類文明有史以來最嚴厲的挑戰之一。
而此中的關鍵,不只是AI在工作上可能取代人類,更在於全面「中介」(mediate)人與世界,且以擬真(simulacrum)取代世界。「中介」造成人必須以AI處理任何人生的狀況,而擬真之憂更非始自今日。早在上世紀80年代,波德希亞(Jean Baudrillard, 1929–2007)便已提出了擬真可能造成的景況:大量沒有原件的備份(copy)充斥於世,最終造成「超真實」(hyperreal)比真實還顯得真實(more real than real),從而取代真實。近年問世的生成式AI可謂完全印證了他的預言性理論。
首先是我們應該如何正確(或以最有利方式)對待AI?當前人類對AI的焦慮主要來自於AI是否可能威脅到人類。原因在於AI的「認知能力」快速發展,尤其是生成式AI的認知能力更幾乎接近了智能中上程度的人類。但想像AI會具有人的能力,早在1950年「圖靈測試」(Turing Test)問世時已經出現,而科幻小說中對此的想像則始於更早的瑪莉.雪萊(Mary Shelley, 1797–1851)所著的《科學怪人》(Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, 1818)。雪萊劃時代的作品提出了多種影響後世甚巨的思考路徑,包括人是否應放任這種科學怪人式扮演上帝的欲望?萬一類似人類的複製物誕生之後是否可控?他們的權益所涉及的倫理問題如何處理?是否複製物最終將影響到人類本身的生存?
「圖靈測試」的設計意味著人類開始意識到電腦(人工智能的始祖)與人的界線可能沒有我們想像的那麼清楚。此測試可以說是對笛卡兒(René Descartes, 1596–1650)「我思故我在」的一個重大挑戰。其挑戰不是來自於「機內有靈」(the ghost in the machine),而是來自「機就是靈」(the machine is the ghost)。而後者又有兩種可能:機器因人類對其研發而變成了靈,以及機器如天下萬物一般本皆有靈。
史迪格勒的大作《技術與時間》(Technics and Time)特別針對科技與人類文明乃一體兩面、相輔相成,有很深刻的闡述。他自認比海德格更能持平的看待科技,但他也不忘在其著作中不斷提醒當代科技發展的各種弊端,特別是「經驗普羅化」(proletarianization)及「超級共時化」(hypersynchronization)。前者因大量網路資訊的疲勞轟炸,造成只能被動接受資訊而無法思考,後者因網路使人坐困資訊愁城而失去時間感,成為無過去亦無未來的無歷史之人。
一定程度而言,從海德格及史迪格勒的角度觀之,科技實仍保有「揭露存有」的能力,端視我們如何看待科技,包括研發科技及使用科技,換句話說,就是要以什麼方式將人性反映在科技中。前文已提到,海德格認為現代科技最大的問題,就是其過度的「割裂認知」傾向遮蔽了存有,較平易的說法就是將「世界除魅化∕去靈化」(the disenchantment of the world),因為正是世界的「去靈化」導致了自然被當成純粹資源。因此,如何讓科技協助自然「再靈化」(re-enchantment)便是當務之急。針對此,海德格認為解方就是讓科技再變成藝術,以俾恢復其「揭露存有」的能力。
如此,科技能否再藝術化,以及若能應如何為之,便是關鍵。西蒙棟(Gilbert Simondon, 1924–1989)在其里程碑的著作《論科技物的存在模式》(On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects)一書中,對此有重大的突破性思考。他認為科技物不應再被視為僅是「工具」(utensil)而已,而應該直取其「本質」(essence)。所謂本質,在此指的是科技物會「生演」(genesis),也就是說,物(廣義的科技物)形成後並非就進入了不變的僵固狀態,而是一直處於一種隨時會演化(become)的「亞穩態穩定」(metastable stability)。
叢書總序 編輯說明 前言:在最前沿的美麗與憂懼——人工智能對人性的測試╱廖咸浩 Introduction: At the Frontier of Beauty and Dread: The Test of Humanity by Artificial Intelligence╱Sebastian Hsien-hao Liao
Part I 本體思考
Philosophy after Automation╱Yuk Hui 人工智能可不可能有自我意識╱梁益堉、劉為開 AI時代人類的獨特性:認知心理學觀點╱葉素玲 Order from Order, or Life According to Software╱Wendy Hui Kyong Chun AI與邪惡:從人的欲望到物的欲望╱廖咸浩 人工智能與善良的人性╱傅立成
Part II 社會衝擊
Sphinx的真心?生成式人工智慧的認知中心化與數位加速主義風險╱吳靜 STS如何介入AI:ANT取徑朝向AI公共性的思考實驗╱林文源 智慧法院與司法決策之錨定效應:演算法、黑盒子與法官獨立性╱林勤富 The Role of AI in Democratic Governance╱Wendy K. Tam Artificial Intelligence and the Decoupling of Creation and Comprehension╱Patrick Hebron On the Components of Integrated World Capitalism: Society 5.0, Smart City, Metaverse╱Joff P. N. Bradley
作者簡介
叢書總序 編輯說明 前言:在最前沿的美麗與憂懼——人工智能對人性的測試╱廖咸浩 Introduction: At the Frontier of Beauty and Dread: The Test of Humanity by Artificial Intelligence╱Sebastian Hsien-hao Liao
Part I 本體思考
Philosophy after Automation╱Yuk Hui 人工智能可不可能有自我意識╱梁益堉、劉為開 AI時代人類的獨特性:認知心理學觀點╱葉素玲 Order from Order, or Life According to Software╱Wendy Hui Kyong Chun AI與邪惡:從人的欲望到物的欲望╱廖咸浩 人工智能與善良的人性╱傅立成