TAIWAN：A History of Agonies（Revised and Enlarged Edition）

Taiwan, O My Homeland

Taiwan, O my Homeland,
The soil I live and die on,
Where ten million of my fellow countrymen
With me forever share every joy and grief.

Every drop of blood, sweat and tears
Shed over the soil had my ancestors,
Solely in search of good fortune.

Let be past our humiliation-stained past
Let us pry open afresh today
A wholly new history of our own
—Ong Iok-tek

Preface One
The editor takes the liberty of transcribing in its entirety the preface by Ng Chiau-tong originally written for the Collection of Works of Dr. Ong, including the closing paragraph in which the author expresses his words of gratitude to those who had contributed to have the collection published.

Ng Chiau-tong (黄昭堂)
Professor Emeritus, Showa University, Japan (1932-2011)

Seventeen years having elapsed since the passing of Dr. Ong Iok-tek, I feel very much elated to see one of his major works thus published.
Hailed in Tainan, Dr. Ong devoted his entire life to the cause of Taiwan independence movement. He was a spiritual leader and the key man of the movement; it was under his auspices that “The Taiwan Youth”, the predecessor of the World United Formosans for Independence, was inaugurated in 1960. At the height of the Chiang Kai-shek regime’s white terror, Taiwan society was under the grossest of threats, academics being silenced and the Taiwanese populace disrespected and looked down upon as second-class citizens. Dr. Ong was convinced that only upon the establishment of their own nation could the Taiwanese ever free themselves of the misery. That conviction drove him to setting on the arduous road of advocating Taiwan independence.
The magazine “Taiwan Youth “ was a ray of hope for the Taiwanese at that moment of time. A regularly published magazine of a rich variety of theses and contributions on political and cultural issues confronting Taiwan at that time, the “Taiwan Youth “ targeted inspiring spiritual awareness of the Taiwanese. However, the task of promoting such political awareness was for him easier said than done.
Dr. Ong was still then a doctoral student at Tokyo University and concurrently a part-time adjunct instructor at the College of Commerce, Meiji University. Out of his meager income he covered the costs of several Taiwanese students helping him running the magazine. He had quite a heavy load of burdens to bear; while writing essays for the magazine and elsewhere, correcting manuscripts in Japanese, proofreading, printing, mailing, and all the other chores, he personally took part in raising money to keep the magazine going.
The Taiwan Youth was started in Tokyo, the capital of Japan, initially with Taiwanese supporters living in and around Tokyo. Gradually support started coming from Kobe, Osaka and other areas, and soon from the United States in increasing numbers from among the Taiwanese studying there. Later, the Taiwan Youth” changed its name first to the “Society of Taiwan Youth”, then to the “Taiwan Youth Independence Alliance” and, in 1970, as groups of movement for Taiwan independence mushrooming all over the world, it renamed itself again to the “Taiwan Independence Alliance”, and eventually to the World United Formosans for Independence (WUFI). Dr. Ong was a man of foresight and inspiration. He held and will hold an immortal position in the history of Taiwan independence movement.
At Meiji University he became a full-time instructor and latter excelled himself to the posts of associate professor and finally full professor. He was in fact one of the first foreign professors at a time when Japanese universities were still reluctant to employ foreign professors. He taught Chinese Language and Chinese Studies successively at Tokyo University, Saitama University, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo University of Education, and Tokyo Metropolitan University. He was especially excited when invited to teach Taiwanese Language courses at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and Tokyo Metropolitan University. He taught many students over altogether 27 years of his teaching career. As he aged he developed a heart complication but kept on working strenuously.
His love for his compatriots revealed itself in the issue of compensations for Japanese servicemen of Taiwanese ancestry and their dependents. Those people who had served, voluntarily or involuntarily, in the Japanese armed forces during World War II were living under the rule of the Chiang Kai-shek regime after the war. They were living in utter poverty and hardship in Taiwan, with no compensation whatsoever by the Japanese government. In 1975, Dr. Ong organized the “Association for Compensation of Japanese Servicemen of Taiwanese Ancestry” and directed activities for holding indoor meetings, street rallies etc., and filed law suits against the Japanese government at the Tokyo District Court and subsequently the High Court, and eventually the Supreme Court. That legal process took a decade, during which he fell ill. His selfless and tireless efforts rang the bell in the hearts of Japanese politicians and, in 1986, the Japanese Diet passed a resolution to compensate every serviceman, dead or severely wounded, two million Japanese Yen. Though the amount itself was much smaller than Japanese servicemen’s annuities, his efforts did pay off in compelling the Japanese government treasury to appropriate 600 billion in a special budget. The entire process of this campaign was duly recorded and compiled by a group of Japanese volunteers into a book. The Collection of Works of Dr. Ong Iok-tek does not include the book and, as it was not written solely by Dr. Ong. He had a number of articles to his credit in this nearly 1,000-page document, which he had later published.
During his lifetime Dr. Ong’s publish a wide variety of works including academic articles, political commentaries, literature reviews, plays, and book reviews. His “Study on the Phonetics of the Ming Language” is among the best in its field. After his death, his teachers, students, relatives, and friends intended to publish this doctoral thesis. However, as they discovered many symbols that could not be proofread, they concluded to have include a copy of the original manuscript in the Collection of Works.
I studied with Dr. Ong at Tainan First High School. Later in the independence movement I served as the chairman of the Japanese Chapter of the Taiwan Independence Alliance. I vividly recall him then as a man of modesty and magnanimity: Senior as he was to me as my teacher, he was modest enough and magnanimous enough to seek instructions from me.

Taiwan, O My Homeland

Taiwan, O my Homeland,
The soil I live and die on,
Where ten million of my fellow countrymen
With me forever share every joy and grief.

Every drop of blood, sweat and tears
Shed over the soil had my ancestors,
Solely in search of good fortune.

Let be past our humiliation-stained past
Let us pry open afresh today
A wholly new history of our own
—Ong Iok-tek

Preface One
The editor takes the liberty of transcribing in its entirety the preface by Ng Chiau-...

Contents

Preface / Ng Chiau-tong (黃昭堂)
Preface / Ong Meiri (王明理)
Some Remarks on Changes in Ong Iok-tek’s Recognition of Indigenous People of Taiwan / Kondo Aya (近藤綾)
Explanatory Note
Preliminary Remarks
Introduction A Stormy Situation Facing Taiwan

Chapter 1 A LAND OF FATEFUL PAST—In search of a new world
1. Taiwan: How it was so named
2. Of Pirate Families
3. Hardships: It all began in the Penghu Islands
4. Japan’s Ambition
5. The Tragedy of Indigenes

Chapter 2 A NEW WORLD YET INCOMPLETE—Dutch period (1624-1661)
1. Dutch Rule
2. Footsteps of the Spaniards up North
3. Transit Trade Boomed
4. The Indigenes under Control
5. The Early Honeymoon Period
6. Taiwanese Society under Dutch Rule
7. Kuo Huai-i’s Rebellion

Chapter 3 KOXINGA: HIS BRIGHT AND DARK SIDES—Cheng period (1661-1683)
1. The Cheng: A prototype of the Kuomintang regime
2. Flight to Taiwan
3. The Cheng: Its nature
4. The Cheng: Its inner conflict
5. Resistance or Truce?
6. The Harshest Demand Ever

Chapter 4 A PILE OF BLOOD AND SWEAT—Qing period (1683-1895)
1. “Isolate Dangerous Elements”
2. Heading for Taiwan in Droves
3. The Life of the Pioneers
4. Corrupt and Incompetent Officials of the Qing Court
5. “Minor Rebellion Every Three Years,Major Rebellion Every 5 Years”
6. “Factionalism and Feuding”
7. Fu-chien’s Colony
8. Land and People beyond Qing’s Rule
9. The Taiwan Strait—History’s Watershed

Chapter 5 NO ONE BUT TAIWANESE—Republic of Formosa (1895)
1. Forsaken Before You Knew
2. The Nature of the Republic of Formosa
3. Qing’s Soldiers and Taiwanese

Chapter 6 IN THE VORTEX OF MODERNIZATION—The Japan colonial period (1895-1945)
1. What Did the Japanese Inherit
2. Successful Colonial Rule
3. Some Comparisons: Vertical and horizontal
4. Hopeless Armed Resistance
5. A Thorough Carrot-and-Stick Policy
6. Chien Ta-shih and Ch’en Ch’iu-chu
7. A Superstitious “Conspiracy”
8. Lin Hsien-t’ang and Overseas Students
9. Ideals and Realities of the Culture Society
10. “What’s Wrong about Becoming a Japanese?”
11. Division in Prosperity
12. Taiwan Communist Party and its Counterparts in Japan and China
13. Criticisms and Evaluations of the Two Japanese Scholars
14. Agonizing while Transfiguring

Chapter 7 ALL-OUT CONFRONTATION WITH THE CHINESE—Kuomintang period (1945-1963)
1. Dogs Gone; Pigs Come
2. The Great 2.28 Rebellion
3. The League for Re-liberation of Taiwan in Hong Kong
4. Fleeing to Taiwan
5. Great Oppression and Wu Kuo-chen’s Downfall
6. A Refugee Regime; A House of Contradictions
7. Land Reform in Disguise
8. The Trick of “Counterattack”
9. An Ugly Face behind the Mask
10. Ultimate Struggle
11. Lei Chen and Opposition Party Movement
12. Overseas Independence Movements
13. Between the United States and the Kuomintang Regime
14. Between Chinese Communists and the Kuomintang

Chapter 8 FROM 1960’s to 1970’s—1964~
1. Harassed from Within and Without
2. The Vietnam War and the Cultural Revolution
3. The Advance of Japanese Capital in Taiwan
4. Chiang Ching-kuo and the P’eng Ming-min Incident

Concluding Chapter Taiwan’s Independence
THE HISTORY OF TAIWAN SINCE 1970 ONWARD / Ong Meiri
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE / SHIMAMURA Yasuharu
CHRONOLOGY
INDEX

Contents

Preface / Ng Chiau-tong (黃昭堂)
Preface / Ong Meiri (王明理)
Some Remarks on Changes in Ong Iok-tek’s Recognition of Indigenous People of Taiwan / Kondo Aya (近藤綾)
Explanatory Note
Preliminary Remarks
Introduction A Stormy Situation Facing Taiwan

Chapter 1 A LAND OF FATEFUL PAST—In search of a new world
1. Taiwan: How it was so named
2. Of Pirate Families
3. Hardships: It all began in the Penghu Islands
4. Japan’s Ambition
5. The Tragedy of Indigenes

Chapter 2...