〈漢越詞在華語教學中的挑戰〉
杜玉柔(DOAN THI LE,國立東華大學華語文教學國際博士班博士生)
●摘要
漢越詞常被視為越南學習者習得華語的「正遷移」資源,然其潛在的「假朋友」現象所引發的語用偏誤,於中高階學習階段尤為顯著。本研究以高頻詞「平靜/bình tĩnh」為例,採用語料庫驅動之對比分析法,系統檢視臺灣「現代漢語平衡語料庫」187例與越南語料庫153例之實證語料。分析聚焦於:(一)語義韻律與高頻共現詞;(二)句法功能與語用分布。研究發現:「平靜」之語義場寬廣,核心為靜態描述,高頻搭配「水面」、「生活」、「心情」、「恢復」等詞,適用於環境、社會與心境三維度;反之,「bình tĩnh」語義高度聚焦,核心為動態應對,高頻與「giữ(保持)」、「nói(說)」、「suy nghĩ(思考)」及祈使句「Hãy!(請)」共現,專指人於壓力下之主觀能動與鎮定態度。兩者僅在「內心無波」節點有限重合,實則為語用功能迥異之「部分同形異義詞」。此差異導致越南學習者產生「請你平靜!」等典型語用偏誤。據此,本文提出「辨異為先」教學框架,主張透過共現詞分析、語境辨微及雙語詞網建構,引導學習者跨越形式相似之陷阱,實現精確習得。本研究為漢越詞「假朋友」現象提供了微觀實證基礎,並對面向越南學習者之華語詞彙教學法具有明確啟示。
關鍵詞:漢越詞、假朋友、語料庫對比、華語教學
●Abstract
Sino-Vietnamese words are often regarded as a source of positive transfer in Vietnamese learners’ acquisition of Mandarin Chinese. However, the pragmatic misinterpretations triggered by their latent false-friend nature become particularly salient at intermediate and advanced proficiency levels. Taking the high-frequency word pair pingjing (平靜) and bình tĩnh as a case study, this research adopts a corpus-driven contrastive approach to systematically examine 187 tokens from the Taiwan Modern Chinese Balanced Corpus and 153 tokens from a Vietnamese corpus. The analysis focuses on (1) semantic prosody and high-frequency collocations, and (2) syntactic functions and pragmatic distributions.
The results show that pingjing exhibits a broad semantic field with a core function of static description. It frequently collocates with words such as water surface, life, mood, and recovery, and is widely used across environmental, social, and psychological domains. In contrast, bình tĩnh demonstrates a highly focused semantic profile centered on dynamic coping behavior, co-occurring predominantly with verbs such as giữ ‘maintain’, nói ‘say’, suy nghĩ ‘think’, and imperative markers such as hãy ‘please’, referring specifically to a person’s agentive self-control and calmness under pressure. The two items overlap only marginally at the node of “inner emotional stability” and are more accurately characterized as partial false friends with divergent pragmatic functions.
This asymmetry accounts for typical pragmatic errors produced by Vietnamese learners, such as Please calm! when addressing interlocutors in Mandarin. To address this issue, the study proposes a “contrast-first” pedagogical framework that emphasizes collocational analysis, fine-grained contextual discrimination, and the construction of bilingual lexical networks to help learners overcome form-based transfer traps and achieve precise lexical acquisition. This study provides micro-level empirical evidence for the false-friend phenomenon in Sino-Vietnamese words and offers concrete pedagogical implications for Mandarin vocabulary instruction targeting Vietnamese learners.
Keywords:Sino-Vietnamese words, false friends, corpus-based contrastive analysis, Mandarin Chinese teaching