Asadalizadeh

In recent years, emerging approaches in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment have leveraged advanced molecular imaging and biomarker technologies, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. On the diagnostic front, liquid biopsy techniques-analyzing circulating tumor DNA-enable early detection of metastasis and real-time monitoring of treatment response. Therapeutically, PARP inhibitors have shown significant efficacy in BRCA-mutated patients, while CDK4/6 inhibitors have transformed care for hormone receptor-positive subtypes. Additionally, therapeutic vaccines and novel monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab deruxtecan demonstrate high potency against HER2-positive tumors. Cutting-edge research into nanotechnology and theranostic platforms, which combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single system, promises to reduce side effects and enhance treatment precision.