Balabanova

Soil degradation encompasses biological, chemical, and physical processes. Soil is a fundamental component of both ’land’ and ’ecosystems, ’ which are broader concepts including vegetation, water, and climate for land, and additionally incorporating social and economic considerations for ecosystems. These changes can significantly impact the physiology and ecology of organisms adapted to survive in conditions with higher metal contents. Anthropogenic activities, such as the exploitation of natural resources and their processing through technological processes, as well as waste management, pose a global environmental pollution issue. The distribution of various chemicals in the soil environment can trigger numerous irreversible processes that lead to severe agronomic soil degradation. Soil chemistry involves complex processes aimed at maintaining optimal soil conditions. However, anthropogenic factors and recent climate changes have seriously disrupted natural geochemical and biological balances in soil systems