Based on Piaget’s adage, "When I look at a child, they inspire two feelings in me: tenderness for what they are, and respect for what they can be." This book therefore represents a contribution to our knowledge of the state of somatic growth, motor coordination and the physical activity profile of Mozambican children and young adolescents. The book is the product of three studies carried out in different parts of Mozambique: Maputo city, Quelimane and the rural town of Calanga. Reading this book is an opportunity to get to know some of the factors that favor the strong variability in body size, motor coordination and physical activity levels as a function of orography.