Capsicum annuum is an economically important global vegetable crop and spice, but can be affected by anthracnose disease limiting its production in tropical countries. The crop is diverse, but unique and plays a significant role in human cultures and cuisines. New genotypes of Capsicum have been discovered containing resistance to the anthracnose pathogen. This book reviews the origin and evolution of Capsicum germplasm, describes pathogens of the plant, and discusses classic and molecular breeding strategies for resistance.